Category: courses

This course provides an overview of core economic concepts and how they relate to senior executive management. Particular focus will be placed on the theory and practice of internal markets and how organisations have harnessed the knowledge and incentives provided by market mechanisms. Group work will focus on an analysis and assessment of the macro context for a relevant country, looking at monetary and fiscal policy as well as a broader set of social and environmental indicators.

Course textbook:

• Evans, Anthony J., 2020 “Economics: A complete guide for business“, London Publishing Partnership (buy through Amazon.com here)

Course handouts: download here

Instructions for the group report: download here

Schedule: download here

Note:

Cases marked with a pound sign (£) are available via the learning platform.

What I’ve been reading:

• Ghattas, K, 2020, Black Wave, Wildfire

What I’ve been listening to:

This course gives participations a coherent view of core economic concepts from the perspective of managers and policymakers. We will look at the principles of microeconomics that are relevant for managerial decisions, including value creation, supply decisions, and the use of markets to allocate scarce resources. Particular techniques involving the interpretation of market data will be explored to provide a useful, practical toolkit.

The course also exposes participations to some of the key frameworks and models in macroeconomic theory, and provides a policy-oriented decision-making context. Newspapers and social media are full of macroeconomic commentary, but many people can feel intimidated by the terms being used and the thinking behind them. Participants will not only understand why certain decisions were made, but formulate their own views on the arguments in favour and against. In doing so, participations will be obliged to think big about the macro policy environment.

Finally, economics is focused on human action and therefore we will look at some key findings from the behavioural economics literature and how they relate to corporate decision making.

Course textbook:

• Evans, Anthony J., 2020 “Economics: A complete guide for business“, London Publishing Partnership

Course handouts: November / January

Assessment instructions: here.

Note:

Sessions marked with an asterix (*) are lectures and have handouts available. Cases marked with a pound sign (£) are available via Canvas. Each session contains a link (+) to additional resources.

Extra

Mountain biking in Lyon

The food in Lyon

Course introduction

There are widespread concerns that social and political divisions are being exacerbated by information technology, and that this is having a profound impact on the capabilities and quality of both global and local institutions. In a similar way to how the advent of the printing press prompted the rise of democracy and the nation state, perhaps digital transformation is contributing to a similar disruption in governance.

Such trends are particularly relevant in regimes where statehood was not an internal process, and was adopted either through colonial or international activity. Rising populism and authoritarianism provides the social and political backdrop to our analysis of the broad impact of technology, and we will consider whether pluralist approaches may help to combat some of the emerging threats to liberal democracy.

This course investigates how digital transformation relates to democracy and governance in an increasingly connected yet potentially polarised world.

Assessment

• 60% Final exam (MCQ) – this relates to all lecture content and the readings from the content section
• 40% Group report [details to come]

For a good example of a subject matter for the group report I highly recommend reading The Story of VaccineCA. In particular, consider how the following elements coincide: the type of organisation chosen to pursue this objective (initially volunteers but then a Delaware corporation;  the institutional context (i.e. liberal market democracy where sharing such information wasn’t illegal); and the cultural attitude toward problem solving and tech optimism. For a great interview with Patrick McKenzie about his background and advice listen to his Conversation with Tyler.

Mandatory pre-course readings

• von Neumann, J., 1955, “Can we survive technology?” Science and Society
• Diamond, L., 2010, “Liberation technology“, Journal of Democracy, 21(3):69-82
• Carson, B., Romanelli, G., Walsh, P., and Zhumaev, A., 2018, “Blockchain beyond the hype: What is the strategic business value?” McKinsey Digital
• Mergel, I., Edelmann, N., and Haug, N., 2019, “Defining digital transformation: Results from expert interviews” Government Information Quarterly, Volume 36, Issue 4
• Blackman, R., and Ammanath, B., Ethics and AI: 3 Conversations Companies Need to Have, Harvard Business Review, March 2022
• Ostrom, E., “Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems” Nobel Prize Lecture, December 8th 2009

For a 64 point quiz to test your knowledge of the pre-readings see here.

Contents

1. Addiction [lecture handouts to follow]
   • The end of the long boom, Will Dunn, New Statesman, July 1st 2022
   • What next for Wordle and its fans?, Jane Wakefield, BBC News, February 2nd 2022
2. Misinformation [lecture handouts to follow]
   • A Global Political Realignment? Steve Davies, Cato Unbound, December 10th 2018
   • Small change: Why the revolution won’t be tweeted, Malcolm Gladwell, The New Yorker, September 27th 2010
   • Why the past 10 years of American life have been uniquely stupid, Jonathan Haidt, The Atlantic, April 11th 2022
3. Ethics [lecture handouts to follow]
   • A Primer on Decision Making through Ethical Analysis“, John Frye
   • Deep ethics: the long-term quest to decide right from wrong, S.J., Beard, BBC website, 18th June 2019
   • How the ‘trolley problem’ applies to self-driving cars“, Futurity, January 26th 2023
   • Face recognition and AI ethics, Benedict Evans, September 9th 2019
4. Humans [lecture handouts to follow]
   • Meditations on Moloch, Scott Alexander, July 30th 2014
   • Levels of Lucidity, Joscha Bach, Substack, May 21st 2023
5. Governance [lecture handouts to follow]
   • The beginning of history, William MacAskill, Foreign Affairs, Sep/Oct 2022, Vol. 101, Issue 5, pp. 10-24
   • Do you believe in sharing? Tim Harford, Financial Times, August 13th 2013
   • We Need a Manhattan Project for AI Safety, Samuel Hammond, Politico, May 8th 2023
   • Pausing AI Developments Isn’t Enough. We Need to Shut it All Down, Eliezer Yudkowsky, Time magazine, March 29th 2023

Optional background preparation

To understand some of the context for my construction of this course I recommend:

• Matthew Perry on BBC Newsnight, (yes, one can make the contrarian and pedantic point that humans exercise “choice” in every decision we make, but this interview demonstrates the importance of acknowledging the human cost of not being in full/partial/any control of things that are harmful to your well being. Particularly poignant given Perry’s death in 2023).
• 12. Conspiracy Theories, The Rest is History, Jan 4th 2021 (a short overview of the history of conspiracy theories, with emphasis on how they tend to satisfy a need for us to try to make sense of shocking events).
• Beware the Jabberwock, This American Life, March 15th 2019 (a single episode that provides a detailed look at the origins of the Sandy Hook conspiracy theory and one parents attempt to fight misinformation. The second half of this episode is an interesting, but less relevant profile and interview with Alex Jones).
• Four Hours at the Capitol, BBC (a documentary about the storming of the US Capitol building on January 6th 2021)
• The Coming Storm, BBC Sounds (7 part podcast documentary on the rise of QAnon)
• Death by Conspiracy, BBC Sounds (an 11 part podcast documentary on Gary Matthews, who died from covid in January 2021 having been drawn to social media claims that it was a hoax. I listened to this as a parallel to The Coming Storm but it strayed too far into covid, media ethics, and psychology for me to incorporate it more fully in this course, which attempts to avoid those areas. I didn’t learn much about conspiracy theories aside from episode 9 which provided a good attempt to understand why our common conception is often misplaced. Ultimately I just found this sad.)
• Things Fell Apart, BBC Sounds (a documentary that looks at the different origins of the culture wars, which are defined as “the battle for dominance over conflicting values”, or the things we shout about on social media)
• Command and Control, PBS (a documentary looking at how close we came to a major nuclear accident)
• The Last Podcast on the Left (Episodes 400-405) – this series was recommended as a deep dive into the original and most important conspiracy theory of all time, but I found it so irritating and juvenile in presentation that I didn’t get past the first episode. I did like the claim that conspiracy theories require a conspiracy vacuum, however.

Recommended video

Famous documentaries about Facebook include:

• The Social Dilemma (trailer)
• The Great Hack (trailer)

Here are US political strategists talking about micro targeting:

Here is David Rand’s talk on misinformation:

This documentary looks at the Arab spring:

Here is an introduction to the (classic) trolley problem:

Here is Coltan Scrivner explaining the evolutionary purpose of paying attention to true crime:

Here is Patri Friedman arguing that we should be able to start new countries as easily as starting a new company:

“I spent 10 years at Google… I think we should be able to start new countries as easily as we start companies today.” pic.twitter.com/IcsOgRJH9z

— Freethink (@freethinkmedia) August 11, 2022

And here is his poignant Facebook post following the assassination of Charlie Kirk.

Brexit

• The great British Brexit robbery: how our democracy was hijacked, Carole Cadwalladr, The Observer, May 17th 2017
• The Facebook data breach wasn’t a hack. It was a wake-up call, Aja Romano, Vox.com, May 2018
• “Cambridge Analytica probe finds no evidence it misused data to influence Brexit”, by Izabella Kaminska, Financial Times, October 7th 2020,

Recommended audio

• Can Facebook Survive?, Seriously, August 13th 2019
• Tyler and Daniel Gross Talk Talent, Conversations with Tyler, Episode 150, May 18th 2022
• #291 – Jonathan Haidt: The Case Against Social Media, Lex Fridman podcast
• Chris Blattman on War and Centralized Power, Conversations with Tyler, Episode 149, May 4th 2022 – this is a fascinating interview with a global expert on war (Blattman’s core thesis is that violence occurs when centralised groups have no check on their ability to indulge their narrow preferences). It doesn’t have direct relevance to this course but it is very interesting and touches upon the concept of polycentricity (which is the notion of multiple centres of power).
• #365 – Sam Harris: Trump, Pandemic, Twitter, Elon, Bret, IDW, Kanye, AI & UFOs, Lex Fridman podcast – a good overview of the ethics of public vs. private conservation (i.e. platforming); the weaponization of social media (i.e. why Harris deleted his Twitter account); the health of democracy and our capacity to deal with social problems such as a potential future pandemic. Also relevant to future AI prospects.
• #429 – Paul Rosolie: Jungle, Apex Predators, Aliens, Uncontacted Tribes, and God, Lex Fridman podcast – a fascinating conversation that helps us to link animals, consciousness, intelligence, and AI. The section from 1:41:00 to 1:58:46 is a wonderful conceptualisation of how we, as “meat vehicles on a floating rock”, should think about these things.
• #367 – Sam Altman: OpenAI CEO on GPT-4, ChatGPT, and the Future of AI, Lex Fridman podcast – Altman defends OpenAI’s strategy of transparency and iterative progress that gets tested on a wide scale. He believes that AI alignment can keep pace with its capabilities. A good counterexample is nuclear weapons.
• #371 – Max Tegmark: The Case for Halting AI Development – Lex Fridman podcast – Tegmark claims that AI development is a suicide race not an arms race, and it’s not obvious that other countries, who might have more to lose from cutting edge technology, will continue regardless. The open letter than he organised was specifically intended to deal with the collective action problem whereby AI developers want everyone else to slow down but can’t do so unilaterally.
• #390 – Yuval Noah Harari: Human Nature, Intelligence, Power, and Conspiracies” Lex Fridman Podcast, July 17th 2023 – a discussion about the power of storytelling
• Episode 25: Is it the phones? The Studies Show, January 30th 2024 – a look at the evidence relating to social media and teen mental health
• Episode 11: The AI apocalypse debate The Studies Show, September 19th 2023 – two science journalists discuss whether AI will cause the end of human life.
• Ep. 126: Stephen Davies – What Is Global Catastrophic Risk?, – Steve Davies defines global catastrophic risk and discusses potential for AI to destroy humanity.
• Civil society – Paul Aligica on Human freedom and the Third Sector, Mercatus Center – an interview with an academic (one of my PhD committee!) who articulates the importance of polycentric solutions to solve social problems, and the normative importance of respect for individual autonomy and consent. This is particularly relevant for students who are from former communist countries, or those interested in modern forms of indoctrination.
• Jennifer Pahlka on Reforming Government (Ep. 238), Conversations with Tyler – a good interview with the founder of United States Digital Service. I particularly liked her point about seeing legislation as a step-by-step process (where you hand off to someone else) versus a feedback loop. The key issue is the assessment of DOGE, and whether sensible and gradual government reforms are ever really possible.

Recommended movie night

This is not massively related to this course, but I really enjoyed watching Top Gun: Maverick (you may need to watch the original Top Gun first to get the full benefit). It reminded me of how Rocky IV contrasted American individualism, authenticity, and heart against superior Soviet technology. I saw Maverick as a rumination on automation, and the continued role for human emotion, and decision making that is instinctive, impulsive, and emotive, and how that gets managed. The subtext is that unmanned drones and algorithms are the future. In the film, US technology is deemed inferior but it is all about who is in the plane and not the plane itself. Traditional pilots needs to eat, sleep and piss but remain the driving force of future success, and whatever is is that ensures a future is worth achieving.

Here’s an absorbing and fascinating explanation of how the Mach 10 scene resembles a perfect pop song:

The best 3 movies related to AI and our conception of reality (in my opinion) are:

Recommended activities

• Play Moderator Mayhem, a game that helps understand more about internet safety
• Learn the SHARE checklist (UK government)
• Play Wordle (or the even better Strands)
• Take the Political Compass test
• Take the Take Machine test
• Create AI images with DALL-E (and improve them with these tools) or with MidJourney (see here)
• Use ChatGPT to generate insightful text based on prompts (see here for some implications, here for a tool to check whether students use it to cheat, and here for my policy/approach).

Recommended courses

• See this online course on Ethics and Global Catastrophic Risk from the Hong Kong Catastrophic Risk Center

Recommended case studies on digital transformation

Perhaps the best case study of the importance of an effective digital transformation is the UK Post Office Horizon scandal (Wikipedia). There is an excellent podcast about it produced by BBC Sounds and in January 2024 ITV aired a documentary.

Further academic reading

• Study on the impact of digital transformation on democracy and good governance,  European Committee on Democracy and Governance (CDDG), September 6th 2021 – includes 12 principles of good democratic governance and case studies of how various European countries are dealing with issues such as microtargeting.
• Giraudo, M., 2022, “On legal bubbles: Some thoughts on legal shockwaves at the core of the digital economy“. Journal of Institutional Economics, 18(4), 587-604 – an account of how changes in expectations around how data gets protected as private property has influenced Big Tech. I found the article badly written but conceptual and therefore reasonably accessible to a non academic audience.
• Stephan, M., Marshall, G., and McGinnis, M., “An Introduction to Polycentricity and Governance“, 2019, in Thiel, A.,  Blomquist, W., and Garrick, D., eds. 2019. Governing Complexity. New York: Cambridge University Press, chap. 1, pp. 21-44.

Student reflections

Priyanka Dalotra (LinkedIn)

On design

• UK government design principles
• Microsoft inclusive design principles

Resources for the public sector

If you wish to work in the public sector I recommend the following resources:

• Machine learning: An introduction for public servants – a free online bootcamp
  
• Ethics, transparency and accountability framework for automated decision making – a 7 point framework to help UK government departments with the safe, sustainable and ethical use of automated or algorithmic decision-making systems
• Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S., and Tinkler, J., 2006, New Public Management Is Dead—Long Live Digital-Era Governance Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Volume 16, Issue 3, Pages 467–494
• Clarke, Amanda, Digital Government Units: Origins, Orthodoxy and Critical Considerations for Public Management Theory and Practice

Recommended books

The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series contains a number of titles that are relevant for this course. I particularly recommend:

• AI Ethics
• Algorithms
• Robots

Other

The Ostrom Workshop has some good resources on Polycentric Governance.

And finally

If you detect an attempt to link together the claims that “an important solution to social media addiction is good parenting” and “we have to learn how to raise AI” then this is deliberate. Indeed Stuart Ritchie (who works at Anthropic) captures it nicely:

And it’s apt that I teach this course at ESCP. As Martin Luther said, Paris is “the parent of learning”.

The course introduces students to several important and contemporary issues that relate to economics. Having already covered the key insights from Micro and Macroeconomics, we will go deeper into the frontiers of the discipline. Students will challenge their understanding of complex and controversial issues and develop their perspective on how to become managers of the future.

 Assessment

• 40% Group report (instructions here)
• 60% Final exam (to follow)

️ Content

I thought it went without saying that economic growth is good, that America is a phenomenally rich country, and that capitalism is the reason why. But now I’m not so sure. So in this course, I say it!

Other lectures that could be added:

• Macro Trends – an overview of global growth prospects and a survey of the key challenges facing policymakers
• Macro Risk – a look at the key risk factors affecting the global economy, and a survey of which countries are best positioned to deal with macro shocks
• Macro Models – how macroeconomic models should integrate climate concerns
• The evolution of money: gold, fiat and crypto
• Central banks and digital transformation
• The Solow model, and how it relates to growth theory
• Sustainability Survey – how we are solving our environmental problems
• Nuclear power – we could have had it all
• Are humans special?

How can I improve my team effectiveness when facing complex business problems?

Problem Solving and Decision Making is an intensive managerial programme that has been shown to be an enjoyable and successful way to improve team performance and productivity. The course provides practical skills and a management mindset rather than simply transfer knowledge. Participants are taken through the full problem-solving and decision-making cycle: from breaking down the issue, to prioritising and writing the action plan. They also practice communicating their proposal, an important and often overlooked aspect of the decision-making process. The course focuses mostly on experiential, proactive and practical learning: participants engage in individual and team problem-solving and decision-making, and receive constructive feedback to build on personal strengths and address limitations.

Resources:

• Shipwreck
• The Individual Notes
• The Group Worksheets // .pptx version // Google slides (view only)
• Presentation Skills
• Handouts
• Individual assignment
• ESCP Prioritization

The pizza case

• Fanelli’s Pizza, July 2021
  • An instructor pack containing an Org chart, Layout, and Handouts is available on request.
  • Download the Menu here. 

Recommended readings:

For more on problem solving, see:

• Are You Trying to Solve the Wrong Problem? by Peter Bregman, Harvard Business Review, December 2015

For more on the Pyramid Principle:

• “The Pyramid Principle” by Ameet Ranadive, June 2013
• Minto, Barbara, 2008, The Pyramid Principle: Logic in Writing and Thinking, FT Prentice Hall

Background materials

For more about Toyota listen to:

• The Blame Game, Malcolm Gladwell, August 4th 2016

For an introduction to the Tylenol murders listen to:

• The Tylenol Murders, Criminal, Episode 201, November 18th 2022
• The Tylenol Murders, True Crime Garage, (I recommend Part 1, Episode 480)

For more on the 7-38-55 rule see:

• #364 – Chris Voss: FBI Hostage Negotiator, Lex Fridman (at 1:54:17)

For more on the curse of obtaining a Michelin star:

• “Star-crossed” The Economist, September 28th 2024

For my report on Croatia’s energy policy see here:

• Harnessing Nuclear Power to Meet Croatia’s Energy Needs, RCEM Working Paper 42, July 2020

Participant testimonials

• Bartosz Jarecki
• Gabriela Burgos
• Mathieu Valenca 

Full slide deck

• Delhaize, April 2025

How can I become more confident when faced with conditions of uncertainty?  How can I contribute to an organisation that utilises effective heuristics?

This 1-2 day course provides a simple framework for how people make decisions. It shows how heuristics have the potential to enable effective judgments, but that they can also lead us to mistakes. It also provides a tool kit – the scenario method – to confront complex and uncertain situations. We will also understand what makes us us, and how this relates to personal and professional activities.

Case (must be read in advance)

• “Sun: A CEO’s Last Stand”, Business Week, July 26th 2004

Pre-class reading:

• “Explained: Knightian uncertainty” by Peter Dizikes, MIT news office, June 2010
• Quassim Cassam’s review of Kay, J., & King, M., 2020 ‘Radical Uncertainty’
• “Can we measure uncertainty?” Kaleidic Economics, March 2013
• Evans, Anthony J.. “Projections Past and Future: Economic Imagination and the Financial Crisis 2007 – 2012.” Working Paper, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, August 2009.

And any 1 of the following articles:

• Wack, Pierre, 1985, “Scenarios: Uncharted Waters Ahead.” Harvard Business Review 63, 5: 73-89.
• Wilkinson, Laurence, 1995, “How to Build Scenarios” Wired Magazine
• Roxburgh, C., 2009, “The use and abuse of scenarios” McKinsey Quarterly

Course overview:

Part 1: Introduction

Part 2: Behavioural economics + [worksheet]

Part 3: Scenario Workshop + + [worksheet]

Lecture notes

Additional readings:

The course incorporates content from the following important books. Prior knowledge of these insights are valuable but not mandatory:

• Kay, J., & King, M., 2020, Radical Uncertainty, The Bridge Street Press (Chapter 1 serves as a useful reading on its own)
• Hanson, R., and Simler, K., 2018, The Elephant in the Brain, Oxford University Press
• Peters, S., 2012, The Chimp Paradox, Vermilion
• Kahneman, D., 2011, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Penguin

Recommended audio:

• ‘The Road to the Iraq War‘, Slowburn Season 5

Recommended movies:

Course outline: Economics for Managers (MIM) 2019/20

Course textbook:

• Evans, Anthony J., 2014, “Markets for Managers: A Managerial Economics Primer“, (Wiley Finance)
• I also recommend the following :
  • Schotter, A., 2008, “Microeconomics: A Modern Approach” (South Western, International edition)
  • Cowen, T., and Tabarrok, A., 2014, “Modern Principles: Macroeconomics” Worth (,3^rd Edition, approx. £50)

Problem set: download here.

1. Consumer behaviour and basic review

1a. Max U +
Evans, A.J., Maximilian Untergrundbahn, January 2018
Instructions: Complete the assignment questions

1b. Course Introduction & Administration

2. Cost functions and price discovery

2a. Cost curves* +
Evans, A.J., La Marmotte, January 2012
Instructions: Complete Exhibit 1 and provide suggestions for the two key decisions

2b. Comparative Statics +

3. Asymmetric information

3a. Adverse selection +
Akerlof, G.A., (1970) “The Market for ‘Lemons’: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 84(3):488–500 (£)

3b. Signalling* +
Spence, M., (1973) “Job Market Signaling“. Quarterly Journal of Economics 87(3):355–374 (£)

4. Strategic behaviour

4a. Introduction to Game Theory* +

4b. Oligopolistic competition +

5. REVIEW SESSION ON MICRO PROBLEM SET 

6. National income accounting

6a. Economic growth* +
Solow, R., (1956) “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1):65-94 (£)

6b. Capital Theory* +

7. Monetary policy

7. Monetary policy* +

8. Fiscal policy

8. Fiscal policy* +

This course provides an overview of basic microeconomic theory and applies it to business decision-making. In particular, it will present the main principles of microeconomics from the perspective of strategic behaviour. The course draws on examples from the business world to illustrate the practical relevance of the models used.

Course textbook:

• Evans, Anthony J., 2020 “Economics: A complete guide for business“, London Publishing Partnership

1. Consumer behaviour and negotiation

1a. Value creation* (+)

1b. Understanding cost* (+)

Textbook: Chapter 1.2 and Chapter 2.1

2. Supply decisions

2a. Cost curves* (+)

Evans, A.J., “La Marmotte”, January 2012

Instructions: Complete Exhibit 1 and provide suggestions for the two key decisions

2b. Economies of scale (+)

Rivkin, J.W., “Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A)” Harvard Business School case no. 9-700-115, November 21st 2007 (£)

Discussion question: What are some sources of economies of scale? How do they apply to British Airways in 1986?

Textbook: Chapter 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4

3. Markets and prices

3a. Auctions (+)

Hild, M., Dwidevy, A., and Raj, A., 2004, “The Biggest Auction Ever: 3G Licensing in Western Europe”, Darden Business Publishing (£)

Discussion question: What are the alternatives to auctions?

3b. Equilibrium assignment (+)

Textbook: Chapter 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3

4. Asymmetric information and market design

4a. Adverse selection (+)

4b. Prediction markets (+)

Coles, Peter, Lakhani, Karim and McAfee, Andrew, “Prediction Markets at Google” Harvard Business School Case No. 9-607-088, August 20, 2007

Textbook: Chapter 3.4 and Chapter 4.4 and 4.5

5. Strategic microeconomics

5a. Game Theory (+)

5b. Oligopoly (+)

Textbook: Chapter 5.2

Note:

Sessions marked with an asterix (*) have a lecture handout available in advance, which can be downloaded.

Cases marked with a pound sign (£) are either available via Blackboard or through the library.

This course provides a thorough and contextual perspective on various forms of macroeconomic policymaking. In addition to looking at how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to manage the domestic economy, we will take an international approach to various forms of economic crisis. By the end of this course students will be able to critically engage with some of the key indicators that may help to predict a currency crisis, and relate this to famous historic cases. We will look at the role played by international institutions during sovereign debt crises, and gain experience at identifying, summarising, and communicating relevant data.

Course textbook:

• Evans, Anthony J., 2020 “Economics: A complete guide for business“, London Publishing Partnership

Assessment:

• 40% group report (see here)
• 60% individual MCQ (practice exam here)

Note:

Cases marked with a pound sign (£) are either available via Blackboard or through the library.