Aalsmeer – the Dutch flower auction
In March 2022 I achieved a long standing ambition – to visit the world famous Dutch flower auction in Aalsmeer. I needed to teach on our Berlin campus and decided to take the Eurostar from London direct to Amsterdam. The Royal FloraHolland building is around 20km from Amsterdam Centraal with good bus routes and, of course, is easy to reach with Uber.
There are really two things that you visit here. The first is a market – you are essentially touring a big warehouse, which is the site for a large share of the global flower trade. But what makes this particular market so special is that it uses a Dutch auction method. While the most famous auctions like Christie’s and Sotherby’s are ascending auctions (the auctioneer gradually raises the price until there’s a winning bidder) the Dutch flower auction uses a descending one. This can often be quicker and therefore more suited to perishable items like fresh produce.
Having pioneered the flower industry in the 17th century, there are several reasons why the Netherlands became the dominant player:
- Good growing conditions (tulips were first imported to region around 1570 and the sandy, coastal grounds are conducive for flower cultivation)
- Good transport links (historically this was the river and canal system that linked the sea port to the heart of Europe, more recently this includes Amsterdam’s Schipol Airport, which since the 1960s has provided direct flights to important markets such as New York and Tokyo)
- A strong financial centre (the Amsterdam stock market is the oldest in the world)
Here is why the Dutch Flower Cluster case is so relevant:
- The Netherlands is one of the twenty largest economies in the world and is a leading global knowledge economy
- Agriculture and food are one of the leading industries in the Netherlands and the flower cluster accounts for 43% of the global cut flower exports
- The Netherlands accounted for over 80% of the flowers imported in Germany (30%), UK (21%), France (9.65), Denmark (2.7%), Switzerland (3.1%), Italy (4.3%), Austria (2.5%), and Poland (2,7%).
The building is very large and the tour takes place along an elevated walkway – the first part is above some empty trolleys:
I wasn’t sure if these flowers were arriving or leaving but you can see that some of the logistic system is automated:
The overhead shuttle system allows sold flowers to be carried outside the premises, and avoid having to be loaded and unloaded onto vehicles. Some of the flowers are boxed up while some are open. Those in boxes are subject to inspection to ensure that buyers are receiving a quality product.
Here are some key facts and figures:
I really enjoyed watching the activity taking place – the scooter drivers wear headsets to tell them where to go. This is my favourite video, showing how markets look chaotic but lead to a spontaneous order:
This graphic shows that the biggest import country is Kenya.

…”we’ve got to keep on moving”!
This is my favourite photo from the tour:

Here is my overview of how the auction mechanism works:
When I was touring the site, I thought that the physical auction room was no longer in use. Here is a photo of it:

In fact, the auction room is still used sometimes, it’s just that most of the traders who are on site prefer to access the system from their own back offices:
Right at the end of the tour I discovered the old auction room. This was used when all traders had to physically assemble on site.
At the end of the tour there’s an interactive exhibit to learn how the clock works. Here I am having a go:
This is the official Royal FloraHolland video showing how the Dutch clock works:
Right at the back of the hall is a loading area:
After the tour I reflected on the relevance of the auction within the broader Dutch flower cluster:
I hope you enjoyed the tour!

You can test you knowledge of the Dutch flower auction with this quiz:
More resources:
Porter, M.E., Ramirez-Vallejo, J., and Van Eenennaam, F., ‘The Dutch Flower Cluster’, Harvard Business School Case No. 9-711-507, November 2013 (and teaching note).
This page can also be viewed as a Twitter thread.
Addendum
To find out whether I got to ride one the trolleys, here is the new trailer for Royal FloraHolland.
Other extra videos:
Policy
I have contributed to a number of policy debates and have received notable coverage in the following areas:
- Competitiveness and entrepreneurship policy
- Flat taxes, corporation tax and public finance
- NGDP targets and free banking
I am a signatory to a open letter calling for the full implementation of the UK’s “Nuclear Regulatory Review“.
My work on nuclear energy, and the potential role of SMR’s for Croatia, was covered by Open Access Government. And my advice on competitiveness was presented in a joint conference with the Minister of Finance.
My call for the Bank of England to abolish the Monetary Policy Committee was covered on the front page of the The Daily Telegraph and City AM and prompted an invitation to give a guest lecture to the Bank’s staff. I provided a comprehensive proposal for the UK to adopt nominal GDP targeting and it was covered by Forbes, CNBC, Bloomberg, Moneyweek, and discussed on Bloomberg TV.
You can read my 2017 submission to the Treasury Select Committee here.
I served on the 2020 Tax Commission which advocated a single income tax, and won the $100,000 2013 Templeton Freedom Award. My back of the envelope calculations on the counter intuitive idea that corporation tax harms workers was featured on Page 3 of The Sun, and contributed to the fact that from 2012-2017 the UK government cut it from 28% to 19%. This coincided with revenues rising by 44%. In September 2022 the government decided to keep corporation tax at 19%, for more see here.
Policy reports
“What happened in Belarus?” GCRF COMPASS Policy Brief, 25 November 2021
“Harnessing nuclear power to meet Croatia’s energy needs” Energy Management Centre Working Paper No. 32, July 2020
- Submitted to the lead project coordinator for the International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Cooperation Project RER2017, July 2020 (for some background see here).
- Covered by Open Access Government, January 22nd 2021 (see here)
“A Belarus Monetary Perspective” Markets and Money Advisory, March 2018
“Monetary Policy After the Crash” Adam Smith Institute, February 2018
- Op ed: “Monetary policy is outdated. Here’s how to reboot it” Daily Telegraph, February 15th 2018
- “Bank of England inflation target should be replaced by nominal GDP says free-market think tank” City AM
- “Bank urged to dump target for inflation” The Times
- “Economist tells government: Scrap 2% inflation target” Mark Williamson, The Herald
- “the Bank of England needs credibility more than ever” Evening Standard (my response)

“Sound Money: An Austrian proposal for free banking, NGDP targets, and OMO reforms” Adam Smith Institute, 2016
- Buy a hard copy here.
- Download the full report here.
- Download the spreadsheet here.
- “New paper: Sound Money: an Austrian proposal for free banking, NGDP targets, and OMO reforms” Adam Smith Institute, 11th January 2016
- “Ben Southwood discusses ASI paper “Sound Money” on Bloomberg TV“, 14th January 2016
- “Scrap Bank of England’s powers after century of boom and bust, says think-tank” Peter Spence The Telegraph, 11th January 2016
- “Adam Smith Institute (ASI) wants to get rid of the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) and replace it with a rule tied to nominal GDP“, Lauren Fedor, City AM, 11th January 2016
- “BOE Should Use GDP Data to Set Monetary Policy, Institute Says“, Simon Kennedy, Bloomberg, 11th January 2016
- “Bank of England should be stripped of monetary policy powers, Adam Smith Institute says” Bauke Schram, International Business Times, 11th January 2016
- “Could this be the new model for central banks?” Katy Barnato, CNBC, 11th January 2016
- “Think tank: “Togliete poteri alle banche centrali”” Daneile Chicca, Wall Street Italia, 11th January 2016
- “ASI: Let’s Change The Bank Of England, In Fact, Let’s Abolish Central Banking” Tim Worstall, Forbes.com, 11th January 2016
- “Austrians get (some) mainstream credibility” Alasdair Macleod, GoldMoney Insights, January 14th 2016
- “Should we abolish the Bank of England?” Simon Wilson, MoneyWeek, January 23rd 2016
- Republished in Capital & Conflict, January 16th 2016
“In Search of Austerity: An Analysis of the British Situation” Mercatus Center, October 2012
- “Austerity U.K. Edition, Part 2” National Review Online
- “a new and very good paper”, Tyler Cowen, Marginal Revolution, October 25th 2012

“The Single Income Tax” 2020 Tax Commission, May 2012 [I served as a commissioner]
- Winner of the 2013 Templeton Freedom Award
- “Business backs single income tax rate of 30%”, Financial Times
- “Boost growth with 30pc flat rate, Osborne told”, Daily Telegraph
- “Plan for 30% levy and end of stamp duty; The single tax rate”, The Times
- “Tax shake-up urged to empower consumers and kick-start growth”, The Independent
- “The Tax Reform Britain Needs”, Wall Street Journal Europe
- “Calls for single 30% tax rate”, Daily Mail
- “Tax cuts ‘booster'”, The Sun
- “Demand for tax shake-up to aid recovery”, Sunday Express
- Also covered by Sky News, BBC Two’s Daily Politics, BBC News Channel, ITV News.
“Corporation Tax” 2020 Tax Commission Briefing Note, April 2011
- “Osborne remains rhetoric-heavy, action-light“, Pete Spence, City AM, April 2nd 2013
- “Corporation Tax would boost wages: report“, Ed Kemp, City AM, April 26th 2011
- “Wages up £552 if firms get tax cut”, Tom Newton Dunn, The Sun, April 25th 2011

- Also covered on Page 3
- Impact: in 2008 the rate of corporation tax was 28%. In 2011 successive UK governments started to reduce it, firstly to 26% and then to 24% in 2012, 23% in 2013, 21% in 2014, 20% in 2015, and 19% in 2017. During this period tax revenue rose by 44%. The experience during the 2010s is that lower rates coincided with higher revenues. See here for more.
“Public Attitudes to Banking” The Cobden Centre, June 2010
- “The scary truth about your banks and your savings” Edmund Conway, The Daily Telegraph, June 10th 2010
“2 days, 2 weeks, 2 months: A proposal for sound money” The Cobden Centre, June 2010
“Enterprising Britain: Building the enterprise capital of the world” (with Davide Sola and Adina Poenaru), independent report for the Conservative Party, February 2008
See the interim report, published in October 2007, here.
- “Labour’s ‘lasting damage to entrepreneurs’” Philip Aldrick, The Daily Telegraph, February 5th 2008
- “Osborne’s chance to scrap our Soviet rules” Margareta Pagano, The Independent on Sunday, January 13th 2008
- “Tax system ‘is making UK less competitive’” Margareta Pagano, The Independent on Sunday, January 13th 2008
- “Will soaring oil pump up inflation?“ David Smith, The Sunday Times, October 21st 2007
- “Report piles pressure on Darling over capital gains tax“ Hélène Mulholland and agencies, The Guardian Unlimited, Oct 18th 2007
- “Gordon Brown supporter urges delay for capital gains tax changes” Greg Hurst and Philip Webster, The Times, Oct 18th 2007
- “Osborne vows fight to keep taper relief on capital gains tax” Gabriel Rozenberg, The Times, Oct 18th 2007
- “Why Labour is no longer the darling of British enterprise”, Jeff Randall, The Daily Telegraph, Oct 17th 2007
- “Rising taxes and red tape ‘slowing growth’” Richard Tyler, The Daily Telegraph, Oct 17th 2007
“Are Tesco Acting Competitively?” (with Toby Baxendale), submitted to the Competition Commission, December 2007 [Groceries Market – Third Party Submissions]
“Sharpening the Thinking on the UK Audit Industry”, submitted to the Financial Reporting Council, May 2006 [Responses to Discussion Papers]
Social, political, and ethical dimensions of digital transformation

Course introduction
There are widespread concerns that social and political divisions are being exacerbated by information technology, and that this is having a profound impact on the capabilities and quality of both global and local institutions. In a similar way to how the advent of the printing press prompted the rise of democracy and the nation state, perhaps digital transformation is contributing to a similar disruption in governance.
Such trends are particularly relevant in regimes where statehood was not an internal process, and was adopted either through colonial or international activity. Rising populism and authoritarianism provides the social and political backdrop to our analysis of the broad impact of technology, and we will consider whether pluralist approaches may help to combat some of the emerging threats to liberal democracy.
This course investigates how digital transformation relates to democracy and governance in an increasingly connected yet potentially polarised world.
Assessment
- 60% Final exam (MCQ) – this relates to all lecture content and the readings from the content section
- 40% Group report [details here]
Mandatory pre-course readings
- von Neumann, J., 1955, “Can we survive technology?” Science and Society
- Diamond, L., 2010, “Liberation technology“, Journal of Democracy, 21(3):69-82
- Blackman, R., and Ammanath, B., Ethics and AI: 3 Conversations Companies Need to Have, Harvard Business Review, March 2022
- Ostrom, E., “Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems” Nobel Prize Lecture, December 8th 2009
For a 40 point quiz to test your knowledge of the pre-readings see here.
Contents
| 1. Addiction [handouts] |
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| 2. Misinformation [handouts] |
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| 3. Ethics [handouts] |
Also: Mural board |
| 4. Humans [handouts] |
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| 5. Governance [handouts] |
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Group report
For a good example of a subject matter for the group report I highly recommend reading The Story of VaccineCA. It’s an ethnographic and anecdotal account of a 200 day period where tech volunteers got together to alert Americans on where covid shots were available. It is a really good example of an urgent allocation problem that cannot be solved (solely) by markets or by central planning. In particular, consider how the following elements coincide: the type of organisation chosen to pursue this objective (initially volunteers but then a Delaware corporation; the institutional context (i.e. liberal market democracy where sharing such information wasn’t illegal); and the cultural attitude toward problem solving and tech optimism). For a great interview with Patrick McKenzie about his background and advice listen to his Conversation with Tyler.
Extra reading
“The Adolescence of Technology” by Dario Amodei, January 2026 – this is relevant for the course not only because it provides an insider look at AI risk and governance needs, but also the relevance of social media (“during the peak of worries about AI risk in 2023-2024, some of the least sensible voices rose to the top, often through sensationalistic social media accounts”) and democracy (“the remedy is what it always is in a democracy: those of us who believe in this cause should make our case that these risks are real and that our fellow citizens need to band together to protect themselves” and “the AI age could lead inevitably and logically to the conclusion that democracy is the only viable form of government if humanity is to have a good future”).
Optional background material
On Brexit
- The great British Brexit robbery: how our democracy was hijacked, Carole Cadwalladr, The Observer, May 17th 2017
- The Facebook data breach wasn’t a hack. It was a wake-up call, Aja Romano, Vox.com, May 2018
- “Cambridge Analytica probe finds no evidence it misused data to influence Brexit”, by Izabella Kaminska, Financial Times, October 7th 2020,
Recommended Podcasts
- Things Fell Apart, BBC Sounds (a documentary that looks at the different origins of the culture wars, which are defined as “the battle for dominance over conflicting values”, or “the things we shout about on social media”)
- Can Facebook Survive?, Seriously, August 13th 2019
- 12. Conspiracy Theories, The Rest is History, Jan 4th 2021 (a short overview of the history of conspiracy theories, with emphasis on how they tend to satisfy a need for us to try to make sense of shocking events).
- Beware the Jabberwock, This American Life, March 15th 2019 (a single episode that provides a detailed look at the origins of the Sandy Hook conspiracy theory and one parents attempt to fight misinformation. The second half of this episode is an interesting, but less relevant profile and interview with Alex Jones).
- Four Hours at the Capitol, BBC (a documentary about the storming of the US Capitol building on January 6th 2021)
- The Coming Storm, BBC Sounds (7 part podcast documentary on the rise of QAnon)
- Death by Conspiracy, BBC Sounds (an 11 part podcast documentary on Gary Matthews, who died from covid in January 2021 having been drawn to social media claims that it was a hoax. I listened to this as a parallel to The Coming Storm but it strayed too far into covid, media ethics, and psychology for me to incorporate it more fully in this course, which attempts to avoid those areas. I didn’t learn much about conspiracy theories aside from episode 9 which provided a good attempt to understand why our common conception is often misplaced. Ultimately I just found this sad.)
- The Last Podcast on the Left (Episodes 400-405) – this series was recommended as a deep dive into the original and most important conspiracy theory of all time, but I found it so irritating and juvenile in presentation that I didn’t get past the first episode. I did like the claim that conspiracy theories require a conspiracy vacuum, however.
- Good Robot, Vox Media, March 2025 – A bit slow going and more about the rationalist community and effective altruism movement than the dangers of AI (which isn’t a robot!). I considered it a somewhat forced attempt to use those communities as a means to link AI doomerism to religion.
Recommended Video
- Matthew Perry on BBC Newsnight, (yes, one can make the contrarian and pedantic point that humans exercise “choice” in every decision we make, but this interview demonstrates the importance of acknowledging the human cost of not being in full/partial/any control of things that are harmful to your well being. Particularly poignant given Perry’s death in 2023).
- Command and Control, PBS (a documentary looking at how close we came to a major nuclear accident)
Famous documentaries about Facebook include:
Here are US political strategists talking about micro targeting:
Here is David Rand’s talk on misinformation:
This documentary looks at the Arab spring:
Here is an introduction to the (classic) trolley problem:
Here is Coltan Scrivner explaining the evolutionary purpose of paying attention to true crime:
Here is Patri Friedman arguing that we should be able to start new countries as easily as starting a new company:
“I spent 10 years at Google… I think we should be able to start new countries as easily as we start companies today.” pic.twitter.com/IcsOgRJH9z
— Freethink (@freethinkmedia) August 11, 2022
And here is his poignant Facebook post following the assassination of Charlie Kirk.
Recommended Interviews
- Tyler and Daniel Gross Talk Talent, Conversations with Tyler, Episode 150, May 18th 2022
- #291 – Jonathan Haidt: The Case Against Social Media, Lex Fridman podcast
- Chris Blattman on War and Centralized Power, Conversations with Tyler, Episode 149, May 4th 2022 – this is a fascinating interview with a global expert on war (Blattman’s core thesis is that violence occurs when centralised groups have no check on their ability to indulge their narrow preferences). It doesn’t have direct relevance to this course but it is very interesting and touches upon the concept of polycentricity (which is the notion of multiple centres of power).
- #365 – Sam Harris: Trump, Pandemic, Twitter, Elon, Bret, IDW, Kanye, AI & UFOs, Lex Fridman podcast – a good overview of the ethics of public vs. private conservation (i.e. platforming); the weaponization of social media (i.e. why Harris deleted his Twitter account); the health of democracy and our capacity to deal with social problems such as a potential future pandemic. Also relevant to future AI prospects.
- #429 – Paul Rosolie: Jungle, Apex Predators, Aliens, Uncontacted Tribes, and God, Lex Fridman podcast – a fascinating conversation that helps us to link animals, consciousness, intelligence, and AI. The section from 1:41:00 to 1:58:46 is a wonderful conceptualisation of how we, as “meat vehicles on a floating rock”, should think about these things.
- #367 – Sam Altman: OpenAI CEO on GPT-4, ChatGPT, and the Future of AI, Lex Fridman podcast – Altman defends OpenAI’s strategy of transparency and iterative progress that gets tested on a wide scale. He believes that AI alignment can keep pace with its capabilities. A good counterexample is nuclear weapons.
- #371 – Max Tegmark: The Case for Halting AI Development – Lex Fridman podcast – Tegmark claims that AI development is a suicide race not an arms race, and it’s not obvious that other countries, who might have more to lose from cutting edge technology, will continue regardless. The open letter that he organised was specifically intended to deal with the collective action problem whereby AI developers want everyone else to slow down but can’t do so unilaterally.
- Eliezer Yudkowsky — Why AI will kill us, aligning LLMs, nature of intelligence, SciFi, & rationality – Dwarkesh Podcast, April 6th 2023 – lengthy but towards the end Dwarkesh throws out as many reasons as he can think of about why we should be calm about AI development, and Eliezer bats them all away.
- #390 – Yuval Noah Harari: Human Nature, Intelligence, Power, and Conspiracies” Lex Fridman Podcast, July 17th 2023 – a discussion about the power of storytelling
- Episode 25: Is it the phones? The Studies Show, January 30th 2024 – a look at the evidence relating to social media and teen mental health.
- Episode 11: The AI apocalypse debate The Studies Show, September 19th 2023 – two science journalists discuss whether AI will cause the end of human life.
- Ep. 126: Stephen Davies – What Is Global Catastrophic Risk?, – Steve Davies defines global catastrophic risk and discusses potential for AI to destroy humanity.
- Civil society – Paul Aligica on Human freedom and the Third Sector, Mercatus Center – an interview with an academic (one of my PhD committee!) who articulates the importance of polycentric solutions to solve social problems, and the normative importance of respect for individual autonomy and consent. This is particularly relevant for students who are from former communist countries, or those interested in modern forms of indoctrination.
- Jennifer Pahlka on Reforming Government (Ep. 238), Conversations with Tyler – a good interview with the founder of United States Digital Service. I particularly liked her point about seeing legislation as a step-by-step process (where you hand off to someone else) versus a feedback loop. The key issue is the assessment of DOGE, and whether sensible and gradual government reforms are ever really possible.
Recommended movie night
This is not massively related to this course, but I really enjoyed watching Top Gun: Maverick (you may need to watch the original Top Gun first to get the full benefit). It reminded me of how Rocky IV contrasted American individualism, authenticity, and heart against superior Soviet technology. I saw Maverick as a rumination on automation, and the continued role for human emotion, and decision making that is instinctive, impulsive, and emotive, and how that gets managed. The subtext is that unmanned drones and algorithms are the future. In the film, US technology is deemed inferior but it is all about who is in the plane and not the plane itself. Traditional pilots needs to eat, sleep and piss but remain the driving force of future success, and whatever it is that ensures a future is worth achieving.
Here’s an absorbing and fascinating explanation of how the Mach 10 scene resembles a perfect pop song:
The best 3 movies related to AI and our conception of reality (in my opinion) are:
Recommended Activities
- Play Moderator Mayhem, a game that helps understand more about internet safety
- Learn the SHARE checklist (UK government)
- Play Wordle (or the even better Strands)
- Take the Political Compass test
- Take the Take Machine test
- Create AI images with DALL-E (and improve them with these tools) or with MidJourney (see here)
- Use ChatGPT to generate insightful text based on prompts (see here for some implications, here for a tool to check whether students use it to cheat, and here for my policy/approach).
Case studies on digital transformation
Perhaps the best case study of the importance of an effective digital transformation is the UK Post Office Horizon scandal (Wikipedia). There is an excellent podcast about it produced by BBC Sounds and in January 2024 ITV aired a documentary.
Further academic reading
- Carson, B., Romanelli, G., Walsh, P., and Zhumaev, A., 2018, “Blockchain beyond the hype: What is the strategic business value?” McKinsey Digital
- Mergel, I., Edelmann, N., and Haug, N., 2019, “Defining digital transformation: Results from expert interviews” Government Information Quarterly, Volume 36, Issue 4
- Study on the impact of digital transformation on democracy and good governance, European Committee on Democracy and Governance (CDDG), September 6th 2021 – includes 12 principles of good democratic governance and case studies of how various European countries are dealing with issues such as microtargeting.
- Stephan, M., Marshall, G., and McGinnis, M., “An Introduction to Polycentricity and Governance“, 2019, in Thiel, A., Blomquist, W., and Garrick, D., eds. 2019. Governing Complexity. New York: Cambridge University Press, chap. 1, pp. 21-44.
- Giraudo, M., 2022, “On legal bubbles: Some thoughts on legal shockwaves at the core of the digital economy“. Journal of Institutional Economics, 18(4), 587-604 – an account of how changes in expectations around how data gets protected as private property has influenced Big Tech. I found the article badly written but conceptual and therefore reasonably accessible to a non academic audience.
- Espinosa, V.I., and Pino, A., 2025 “E-government, inclusive growth, and the legitimacy of capitalism: lessons from estonia” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 238
- For a 24 point quiz on some of these readings see here.
On design
Resources for the public sector
If you wish to work in the public sector I recommend the following resources:
- Machine learning: An introduction for public servants – a free online bootcamp
- Ethics, transparency and accountability framework for automated decision making – a 7 point framework to help UK government departments with the safe, sustainable and ethical use of automated or algorithmic decision-making systems
- Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S., and Tinkler, J., 2006, New Public Management Is Dead—Long Live Digital-Era Governance Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Volume 16, Issue 3, Pages 467–494
- Clarke, Amanda, Digital Government Units: Origins, Orthodoxy and Critical Considerations for Public Management Theory and Practice
Recommended books
The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series contains a number of titles that are relevant for this course. I particularly recommend:
Other
The Ostrom Workshop has some good resources on Polycentric Governance.
Student reflections
Priyanka Dalotra (LinkedIn)
And finally
If you detect an attempt to link together the claims that “an important solution to social media addiction is good parenting” and “we have to learn how to raise AI” then this is deliberate. Dario Amodei refers to Anthropic’s constitution in the following terms: “It has the vibe of a letter from a deceased parent sealed until adulthood.” Stuart Ritchie (who works at Anthropic) captures it nicely:

And it’s apt that I teach this course at ESCP. As Martin Luther said, Paris is “the parent of learning”.
Writing a corporate memo
Business school students often produce exams or other written assignments in an essay style, but in most business situations a memo format is more appropriate. This article articulates what constitutes an effective memo so that we can try to replace bad academic writing with good business writing.
The aim of a memo is to quickly inform the reader and explain any decision making. It should be easy to read and have a clear message.
- The first few sentences should explain the purpose of the memo and any key background information.
- The use of bullets or numbered lists to split up the text and separate key points is often appropriate.
- Don’t be afraid to highlight important text.
- It’s a good idea to finish a memo with a call to action or some other type of positive ending.
We tend to think of memos as an antiquated document but many emails are de facto memos. In fact, I would argue that any email sent to multiple people should be treated as a memo – they are an important part of a manager’s toolkit!
Addendum: Here the thoughts of Scott Adams on business writing (source):

And for a fascinating collection of corporate memos, see https://sriramk.com/memos.
Money
| Lecture handout: Money* |
Textbook Reading: Chapter 7 (Section 7.3; pp. 216-225)
“Most money is purely theoretical. It’s all in computers, backed by trust and confidence.” Jack Reacher (Child, L., 2012, A Wanted Man, Bantam Books, p.520
“I’m very interested to watch the crypto community relearn centuries of monetary economics” John Cochrane (Conversations with Tyler, March 10th 2021)
Can someone really understand crypto currencies and the future of digital money without having a solid grasp of why money even exists? This topic is a great example of why historic knowledge and theoretical clarity are crucial when involved in fast changing industries – it provides a benchmark to verify the bold claims made by industry practitioners. The purpose of this lecture is to gain a deep understanding of what money is and how it has evolved.
Extra activity: The Bank of England Museum
To learn most about the gold content of smartphones see here and here. For a video showing the extraction of gold from iphones see here.
- How 1990s Libertarians Laid the Groundwork for Cryptocurrency, by Aaron von Wirdum, Reason, April 2024 – a good article exploring the links between free banking academics and the early history of crypto
Interactive practice:
Background readings:
- Menger, C., 1892, “On the Origins of Money” Economic Journal, 2:239-55
- Radford, R.A., 1945, “The Economic Organization of a P.O.W. Camp”, Economica, 12(48):189-201
Recommended articles:
- Bitcoin: A Primer for Policymakers, Mercatus Center
- The Bullish Case for Bitcoin, Vijay Boyapati, March 2nd 2018 (for a printable pdf see here)
- Cowen, T., and Tabarrok, A., Cryptoeconomics (Chapter 8 in Modern Principles)
Recommended slide deck:
- The Hyperledger Vision – A comprehensive presentation on blockchain and opportunities for business
Recommended book:
- Narayanan et al. (2016) Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies, Princeton University Press (see the website for videos, and an online draft version is here)
Recommended podcasts:
- How fake money saved Brazil, Planet Money, October 5th 2010
- “Pierpaolo Barbieri on Latin American FinTech“, Conversations with Tyler, May 19th 2021 – in particular this shows the importance of knowing financial and economic history for tech founders.
- “Brian Armstrong”, Conversations with Tyler, February 2021 – a great overview of how the CEO of Coinbase sees the crypto industry.
- Hashpower – Part 1, Investors Field Guide – a fantastic early introduction to blockchain technology and potential of crypto assets.
Recommended video:
This video is very long, but if you are totally new to concepts like blockchain, bitcoin and NFTs and want a thorough account of the history and development, in a well produced an informative documentary that takes a highly skeptical and cynical approach, I recommend this highly.
For a more positive view of NFTs, an identification of the context in which they’ve emerged (post global financial crisis and great stagnation), and subjectivist approach to value, see this X/Twitter thread.
Finally, for an overview of agentic commerce see: ACP vs AP2: Defining the future of agentic commerce
| Learning Objectives: Understand the origins of money and how this can be used to understand the role of central banks in a fiat money system, as well as to navigate the crypto landscape.
Cutting edge theory: Making assessments of digital and crypto currencies. |
Problem Solving and Decision Making

How can I improve my team effectiveness when facing complex business problems?
Problem Solving and Decision Making is an intensive managerial programme that has been shown to be an enjoyable and successful way to improve team performance and productivity. The course provides practical skills and a management mindset rather than simply transfer knowledge. Participants are taken through the full problem-solving and decision-making cycle: from breaking down the issue, to prioritising and writing the action plan. They also practice communicating their proposal, an important and often overlooked aspect of the decision-making process. The course focuses mostly on experiential, proactive and practical learning: participants engage in individual and team problem-solving and decision-making, and receive constructive feedback to build on personal strengths and address limitations.
Resources
- Preparation form
- Shipwreck
- The Individual Notes
- The Group Worksheets // .pptx version // Google slides (view only)
- Presentation Skills
- Individual assignment
- Slide deck for MIM
- Slide deck for EMIB ~ Individual quiz

The pizza case
- Fanelli’s Pizza, July 2021
- An instructor pack containing an Org chart, Layout, and Handouts is available on request.
- Download the Menu here.
Recommended readings
For a personal PSDM case, see:
- The French Breakdown, October 2024
- Here is a quiz.
For more on problem solving, see:
- Are You Trying to Solve the Wrong Problem? by Peter Bregman, Harvard Business Review, December 2015
For more on the Pyramid Principle:
- “The Pyramid Principle” by Ameet Ranadive, June 2013
- Minto, Barbara, 2008, The Pyramid Principle: Logic in Writing and Thinking, FT Prentice Hall
Background materials
For more about Toyota listen to:
- The Blame Game, Malcolm Gladwell, August 4th 2016
For an introduction to the Tylenol murders listen to:
- The Tylenol Murders, Criminal, Episode 201, November 18th 2022
- The Tylenol Murders, True Crime Garage, (I recommend Part 1, Episode 480)
For examples of the Monzo tone of voice see:
For more on the 7-38-55 rule see:
-
#364 – Chris Voss: FBI Hostage Negotiator, Lex Fridman (at 1:54:17)
For more on the curse of obtaining a Michelin star:
- “Star-crossed” The Economist, September 28th 2024
For my report on Croatia’s energy policy see here:
- Harnessing Nuclear Power to Meet Croatia’s Energy Needs, RCEM Working Paper 42, July 2020
Participant testimonials
Invited talks

I have been invited to deliver talks at the Bank of England, the LSE Investment Society, and have been a longstanding contributor to ‘Freedom Week’ hosted by Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
I have delivered the following lectures many times:
- An Introduction to the Austrian School of Economics – the past, present and future of good economics
- Competition and the market process – why the best form of regulation is competition
- The financial crisis – a look at the incentive and knowledge problems that led to the credit crunch
- Banking reform and sound money – a proposal to liberalise the banking system
- Economic institutions and global prosperity – an overview of the economic policies that are crucial to prosperity
- The transition experience in Eastern Europe – why radical reforms are necessary and the underappreciated role of the oligarch
“The Economics of Football“, BIM Open Day, ESCP Business School, London (April 2021)
“Reflections and Advice on Higher Education” CASE Belarus, Minsk (June 2018)
“The Importance of Austrian Economics for Central Banks” Bank of England (July 2017)
“How I teach” Brian’s Last Friday Talks, London (January 2017)
”How free markets can handle money” European Students for Liberty, Ljubljana (October 2016)
“The link between economic institutions and global prosperity”, Legatum Institute (July 2016)
“Free market monetary theory and practice”, Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2016)
“Why you should love price discrimination!“, Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2016)
“Hayek and Friedman in Chile”, Brian’s Last Friday Talks, London (June 2016)
“Is there a libertarian case for QE?” Libertarian Alliance, London (June 2016)
“An Introduction to the Austrian School of Economics”, UCLU Libertarian Society, London (February 2016)
“An Introduction to the Austrian School of Economics“, Libek and ESFL, Belgrade (January 2016)
“An Introduction to the Austrian School of Economics“, Regional Conference of ESFL Vienna (November 2015)
“Free market monetary theory and practice” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2015)
“Competition and the market process” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2015)
“Free market monetary theory and policy” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2014)
“Competition and the market process” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2014)
“Individual Actions: An Austrian Economics School”, University of Essex Liberty League & Post-Crash Economics Society Essex (April 2014)
“Monetary laissez-faire” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2013)
“Competition and monopoly” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2013)
“We had it coming: Introduction to Austrian Economics” FEE Webinar (April 2013)
“Only Individuals Choose”, The Adam Smith Institute’s ‘Liberty Lectures’, Cass Business School, London (August 2012)
“The financial crisis” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2012)
“Competition and monopoly” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2012)
“An Introduction to the Austrian School of Economics” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2012)
“An introduction to the Austrian school of economics” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2011)
“The financial crisis” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2011)
“Competition and monopoly” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2011)
“A Proposal for Sound Money” Libertarian Alliance, London (November 2010) [video here]
“Thoughts on the US Economy: September 2010” Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation (September 2010)
“Banking, inflation and recessions” The Adam Smith Institute’s ‘Liberty Lectures’, Cass Business School, London (August 2010) [event details]
“Booms, busts and crashes: What Austrian economics tells us about the crash of 2008” Institute of Economic Affairs, London (July 2010) [event details]
“Competition and Monopoly” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2010)
“The Financial Crisis” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2010)
“The Investment Climate of Transition: Shock Therapy in Eastern Europe” LSE Investment Society (February 2010)
“Banking, Honest Money and the Free Market: Prospects” Libertarian Alliance Annual Conference, London (October 2009) [see video here]
“Honest Money in a Free Society” Libertarian Alliance, Shepherd’s Private Room, Westminster (July 2009)
“Competition and Monopoly” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2009)
“The Financial Crisis” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2009)
“Austrian Insights into the Current Economic Crisis – What Might have Been?” University of Oxford Libertarian Society, Christ Church, University of Oxford (February 2009)
“Some stylised facts about Eastern European transition” University College London (November 2008)
“Advice for an international business education” Management Development Institute, Gurgaon, India (October 2008)
“Transition economies: lessons for classical liberals” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2008)
“Competition and the Market Process” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2007)
“Collective Goods Problems” Freedom Week Seminar, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (July 2007)
“Do Ideas Matter?” Hayek Society, London School of Economics (November 2006)
I’ve also rejected invitations to debate at the Cambridge Union Society, and Lancaster Debating Union.
Opinion
I used to write a weekly column for City AM and have published a number of opinion editorials, most regularly for The Guardian and Reuters.
I have appeared on the BBC and been quoted by The Financial Times, The Times, Monde Des Grandes Ecoles et Universities, and a range of other publications.
For media coverage of my policy work see here.
Opinion editorials
“Nuclear power: The safer and cheaper alternative to fossil fuels” Open Access Government, January 22nd 2021
“Monetary policy is outdated. Here’s how to reboot it” Daily Telegraph, February 15th 2018
“The time is right for sound money” Conservative Home, January 11th 2016
“Ekonomiju ne treba promatrati isključivo kroz prizmu BDP-a” Poslovni dnevik, January 31st 2013
“Makro pokazatelji kao viktorijanski kupaći kostimi” Lider, Feb 27th 2012
“Forward thinking” Money Marketing, May 26th 2011
“Three principles that should underpin the Budget“, The Spectator Coffee House Blog, March 22nd 2011
“No sympathy for Ponzi SMEs” Business Review Europe, August 10th 2010
“From one uncertainty to another” Reuters, June 18th 2010
“How to thaw the economy” Reuters, March 16th 2010
“Economic Insight” (.pdf), Business XL, 2010
“Leader” (.pdf), Employee Engagement Today, Spring 2010
“Has quantitative easing paid off?” Guardian Unlimited, February 16th 2010
“The end of free email” Guardian Unlimited, January 23rd 2010
“Politicians should allow a business-led recovery” Reuters, December 1st 2009
“Don’t regulate banking – liberalise it” Guardian Unlimited, September 14th 2009
“No need to panic about GDP” Guardian Unlimited, July 24th 2009
“Why G20 leaders should leave well alone” FinanceWeek, April 2nd 2009
“The unpalatable financial truth” Guardian Unlimited, March 22nd 2009
“The semantics of printing money” Guardian Unlimited, March 7th 2009
“The banks couldn’t contain dissent” Guardian Unlimited, February 14th 2009
“The price of economic illiteracy” Guardian Unlimited, November 2nd 2008
The Economist
Freedom Week mentioned by The Economist, June 1st 2013
SMPC minutes linked to by The Economist, March 19th 2013
Blogs that matter
Money Illusion | Marginal Revolution | Economics UK
Letters
The Anti-Tariff Declaration (Coverage including Business Insider).
Interviews
Interview with Lider, September 2019
Interview with Libek, January 28th 2016
Broadcast interviews & commentary
Interviewed by Hunter Hastings for ‘The Economics for Business’ podcast, March 2022
Rejected invitation feature on In the Balance, BBC World Service, July 22nd 2014
Rejected invitation to be interviewed on Jeff Randall Live, Sky News, October 8th 2012
Interviewed by Cobden Centre Radio, November 2010
Participant in a debate on Quantitative Easing, BBC World Service, September 2009
Interviewed for report on US recession, Newsnight, BBC Television, March 16th 2009
Regular panellist discussing the UK economy, The Breakfast Club, News Talk 93FM, Jamaica, October 2008 – April 2010
Print interviews & commentary
Quoted in “Bragging rights: Economists flummoxed by popstar’s Bank of England lecture” by Oliver Gill, City AM, April 19th 2018
Quoted in “Government Interference Has Damaged The Bank Of England For Future Mark Carneys“, Finance Monthly, November 2016
Cited in “Don’t be fooled: interest rates have been changing since the crisis“, by Pete Spence, The Telegraph, March 1st 2015
Cited in “Is this a booming economy, or a credit-driven bubble?“, by Douglas Carswell, The Telegraph, December 11th 2013
Quoted in “Ferguson and Moyes: A Lesson for the Berlin Phil” The Gramophone Blog, May 10th 2013
Interview in “Radnike treba intenzivno uključiti u proces odlučivanja“, Poslovni dnevik, February 4th 2013
Quoted in “Economic policy revived on the internet“, Financial Times, January 27th 2013
Quoted in “Is UK economy adopting to touch ‘new normal”? The Times, March 29th 2012
Quoted in “To QE or not to QE? The market has spoken” Management Today, January 12th 2012
Interview in “Anthony J. Evans (Escp) e il depennamento della rete del debito pubblico estero in Europa” GreenReport.it, August 10th 2011
Quoted in “China’s economy looks to be on shaky ground” City AM, July 12th 2011
Quoted in “Tax Chaos to Hit Millions” The Daily Express, March 1st 2011 [front page of print edition]
Interview in “Europe is your Oyster” Gateway, Issue 26 (February 2011)
Quoted in “McChrystal critical of Obama” The Edge, July 2010
Quoted in “Eastern bloc renews bid to become high tech hub” Information Age, July 13th 2010
Quoted in “Let the unusual guide you off the beaten track” The Times, February 1st 2010
Quoted in “Pay and pensions to be targeted in public-sector spending cuts” HR Resources, December 9th 2009
Quoted in “Pledge to upskill the young and equip the over-50s to find work” HR Resources, December 9th 2009
Quoted in “UK economy performs worse than expected this quarter” Accounting Web, July 24th 2009
Comments for “Judgment Call” column, Financial Times, April 29th 2009
Quoted in “MBA examiners call in the FBI in crackdown on cheats”, by Des Dearlove, The Times, November 16, 2008
Interview on the Romanian Flat Tax in Saptamana Financiara, Number 170, Monday 4th August 2008
Comments on the London Congestion Charge, featured in Info: Magazine of the French Chamber of Commerce in Great Britain Vol. 29 No.3, May-June 2007
Internet articles
“Don’t conflate ‘neoliberalism’ with ‘neoclassical economics‘” Institute of Economic Affairs Blog (August 2015)
“Forward guidance takes monetary policy even further down the wrong track“, Institute of Economic Affairs Blog (August 2013)
“Monetarists’ blind spot on quantitative easing” Institute of Economic Affairs Blog (March 2011)
“The Threat of QE2” Adam Smith Institute, November 2010
“What Austrian business cycle theory does and does not claim as true” Institute of Economic Affairs Blog (May 2010)
- Translated as “La teoria austriaca del ciclo economico: un po’ di chiarezza” for Italia Borsa
“Ostrom on institutions: complex solutions can spontaneously emerge” Institute of Economic Affairs Blog (Oct 2009)
“Austrian economics vs Keynesianism and Kaletsky” Institute of Economic Affairs Blog (May 2009)
“What Can We Learn From E-Stonia?“, Ideal Government (Oct 2005) (archive)
“Petty Crime“, Ideal Government (Sep 2005)
“Common Law Marriage“, Ideal Government (Apr 2005)
Other coverage
“Les etudiants du bachelor de ESCP Europe sont les managers multiculturels du futur” Monde des Grandes Ecoles et Universities, December 8th 2016
Cases
Fanelli’s Pizza, May 2021, The Case Centre, 321-0146-1
- Fanelli’s Pizza (Teaching note) with reference 321-0146-8
- Fanelli’s Pizza (Teaching note supplement software) with reference 321-0146-8B
- Here is a draft version of Fanelli’s Pizza, case. An instructor pack containing the Handouts, Org Chart, Layout and Template spreadsheet is available on request. Download the Menu here.
- Fanelli’s Pizza was submitted to the Family Business category of the 2021 EFMD Case Writing Competition
La Marmotte, January 2012
- La Marmotte as published by Sage!
- Debrief
- Spreadsheet.xlsx
Taxi for Professor Evans, June 2018
The Suitcase Case, June 2018
Pedagogical innovation
- “Choose your own financial crisis” a role-playing app.
- “The Great EU Debt Write Off” a classroom simulation.
Online units
Also my seminar “Markets: Beyond AI” is designed to work as an online unit.
Case preparation
- Uber, June 2022
- The ECB During the Crisis, July 2021
- The Obama Stimulus, November 2021
- Foreign Investment in Indonesia, May 2016
- Flat Tax in Slovakia, May 2016
- Prediction Markets, February 2016
Case updates
- The Biggest Auction Ever: What Happened Next?, February 2019
- CC Sim the Verdict, October 2014
- Argentina: What Happened Next, January 2014
Assignments
- Maximilian Untergrundbahn, January 2018
- Incentive Design, January 2023 $
- Soviet planning, June 2022
- Understanding value, December 2017
- FBM value, December 2023
- Copper Assignment, December 2022 $
- Market Applications, December 2022 $
- Shortages Reflection, March 2023
- An Economist’s Passage to India, February 2012
- Also available as a Twitter thread (May 2018)
- Debrief
- CC Simulation, February 2014
- CC Simulation B, May 2018
- CC Sim B Worksheet
- Wembley Stadium, July 2012
- Tollbooth, December 2020 $
- Personal Taxation, December 2020
- A dynamic AD-AS analysis of the UK economy 2002- 2010, January 2019
- Macro Policy Assignment, March 2018 $ // Macro Policy Form
- MPC Simulation, December 2012
- ECB Simulation, April 2025
- Country Comparisons
- Josko Joras (A), December 2012 $
- Josko Joras (B), December 2012 $
- BoP Identification, September 2026
- Dollar dominance, March 2026 [PUBLIC]
- Freedom Parlour Game, December 2023
- Fermat’s Folly, February 2011 $
(A “$” denotes that a solution exists, which is available to instructors on request.)
Worksheets
- Comparative Statics Worksheet, December 2020 $
- India Worksheet, April 2019 // India Quiz
- Game Theory Worksheet, February 2020 $
- Obedient Prisoners, November 2022 $
- Money Supply Worksheet, July 2020
- Taylor Rule Worksheet, May 2020
- Thermostat Worksheet, February 2020 $
- Monetary Implications Worksheet, December 2019 $
- Fiscal Multiplier Worksheet, March 2018 $
- Canadian Multiplier, October 2025
- US Multiplier, 2009, April 2026
- BoP Worksheet, September 2026
- Stock market crash, December 2021 (solution)
- The Balkan Wiggle-Room Index, October 2013
- Stoves Handout, March 2020
- Innovations, June 2022
- Transformative Breakthrough Worksheet, November 2020
(A “$” denotes that a solution exists, which is available to instructors on request.)
Notes
- Differentiation, January 2013
- Mr Morita, October 2010
- Price discrimination taxonomy, Nov 2020
- MBM Dimensions, March 2011
- UK Public Finances, December 2012
- Credibility
- Optimal Currency Areas
- A List of Behavioural Anomalies, April 2020
- Rosling’s Charts, July 2020
- Country Competitiveness Dashboard
- Theory vs. Fact, September 2014
Other instructor resources that I recommend include those by Luis Cabral and Ivan Png



